The Origins Of The Welfare State

The Origins Of The Welfare State The term modern Welfare State comes from the Beveridge report of 1941. The words represent that Government provides a minimum level of taxed welfare support for citizens in need. Beveridge and his five giants showed a greater need for an active role by Government in the welfare of its citizens through better housing, education, benefits for the unemployed and an accessible National Health Service. The foundations of this started mainly with the Liberal Reforms of 1906 1914 but this can even go back to the 1601 poor law. The 1601 poor law had control over the poor with very little interference from Government, as it was locally administered by the parish overseers (P. Spicker 2008) but still required the Church to assist. In 1834 the poor law was changed by Earl Grey (Spartacus Schoolnet); workhouses were introduced which meant no able bodied person would receive money or help from the poor law authorities (M. Bloy 2002). Other changes happened to this law; children would get schooling and be clothed and fed while in the workhouse. However, some people spoke out against the workhouses and called them prisons for the poor. Seebohm Rowntree did a study in 1901 and found a number of people living in poverty even though they were working, their wages were below the poverty line and they were struggling to survive (R. Ensor 1980). This led to the Liberal Reforms of 1906-1914, with the introduction of free school meals in 1906 and medical inspections in 1907 paid for by the State, but the treatment was largely unaffordable and relied on the charity of others. This was the start of new ideas in the Social Service State and Liberals made sweeping changes in their reforms; the elderly received an old age pension in 1908 and the sick would be paid whilst being unable to work through the National insurance Act of 1911. Unemployed people did not have to wander the country looking for work with the new labour exchanges set up in 1909, which meant employers could advertise jobs in one place, much like the Job Centres of today. Even with all the laws to help the poor, it still required a lot of help from other sectors (pluralism); the Church still played a major role in providing housing, food and clothing; charities still had to ask the rich to help. Even the poor had to help by sharing what little they had. Families united and pulled together to survive and this built a community spirit. The State didnt want the poor to rely on State help alone. This is the foundation of the modern Welfare State today. The NHS (established in 1948) still relies on outside resources, with charities like St Johns Ambulance helping provide front line assistance and organisations such as BUPA taking some of the pressure off the service from those who can pay. Housing for the poor is now mostly run through charitable associations in most areas and the Welfare State relies on voluntary organisations like Salvation Army and Barnardos to help with problems in society. This partnership with state, church, private business, voluntary organisations and charities has created a safety net for the poor in which children and adults have protection from poverty, abuse, hunger; giving them security and care in times of desperation. Task 2: Explain the contents and evaluate the purpose of the 1834 Poor Law. (540 words not including titles) The 1601 Poor Law had controlled the actions of the poor; making it very difficult for the poor to travel the country begging for food and shelter and helping stop associated anti-social behaviour. The poor could only get aid from charities and the local tax payers from their place of birth. This was costing more every year and the middle and upper classes that were paying through taxes, started to think they were paying for the lazy and those who would not help themselves to find work and better their lives. Charles Grey (2nd Earl Grey) was prime minister at this time and had been making sweeping reforms throughout Government; he set up a poor law commission to examine the poor law. The commission felt that to relieve poverty, the poor had to help themselves. As a result of this the 1834 poor law amendment act was passed. This new act made it so the poor were only able to receive any aid if they entered a poor house. All the parishes of the previous 1601 law now had to group together and set up poor law unions. This gave greater control over the poor and even on the cost to the Government and local tax payers; this was called indoor relief as opposed to outdoor relief. Outdoor relief tried to get the poor to look for work themselves and made those who were lazy and avoided work less eligible for help, with the hope that the fear of the poor house would be a deterrent and make them find work. These places were unforgiving; you would have to work hard to receive any state or charity help. The masters and matrons were harsh and there to be a visible deterrent; conditions hit the papers of half starved inmates even eating the rotting flesh from bones at the Andover workhouse (September 1845; The Times). Parliament had to do something and created a select committee in 1846 and with the result of its findin gs the poor law commission was abolished in 1847. The poor law act of 1834 was intended to be the solution to pauperism and believed the moral character of the working man would be his own saviour. This was shown not to be the case. The Government had to make improvements to this law after anti-poor law propaganda in its early years, to social unrest and riots in Bradford in 1837 where troops had to control the Chartism threat (the peoples charter). These revolts made way for changes to improved conditions for the working populations, such that the threat of the workhouse could be avoided through better sanitisation and clean water to counter sickness. Medical Officers were also introduced in 1871 to control public health issues. The state would provide schooling for 5-10 year olds from 1870 1880 to educate the poor to better themselves and Hospitals were slowly being made available for the most needy, to aid those in the population on low wages. The amendment of 1834 did go some way to improving the poors conditions, but it would not be until a number of years later that the Government chose not to control the poor by harsh measures but by working in partnership with them. Task 3: Outline some of the Liberal Reforms and evaluate their contribution to welfare policy (791 words not including titles) In Manchester 1899, out of 12,000 men offering to fight in the South African war, 8,000 were rejected on grounds such as malnutrition and illness. This led Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree to undertake studies of the state of poverty in Britain between 1901 and 1902. Rowntree found that the number of people in York found to be in primary poverty, was 15.45 percent of the wage earning class. Investigations by AL Rowley and AR Burnet found that working class areas throughout England showed much the same (R. Esnor England). This came from low paid jobs in society which made them have a very low standard of living. The Liberals took power in 1906 under Sir Henry Bannerman with a huge majority. They had not promised to bring poor law reforms, but were influenced by Rowntree and Booths reports which showed the laissez faire solution was not working in Britain. In 1906 the Liberals started to reform the poor law starting with the (1906) Education Act; this meant free school meals for the poorest families, making sure a child would receive one healthy meal a day. This was a great success as it encouraged parents to make sure their child went to school and keep them off the streets, but some local councils did not follow it up as it meant they would have to increase local taxes. Some councils did not want to move forward with new reforms for the poorest in society (National Archives). Liberals took this act further with the introduction of compulsory school medical inspections in 1907; these ensured children would be healthy but the downfall meant if the child needed treatment, they would still have to pay. The poorest of families would not have been able to afford this and would have had to go to charities for help. This changed in 1912 with the introduction of School Clinics; by this time the Government had introduced the new Childrens Act of 1909 which protected children from persecution / neglect from the family or their environment. The Liberals also helped the old with the introduction of a Pension Act in 1908 for those aged 70; they would receive 5 shillings a week and if married, 7 shillings 6d. This took away the affects of the workhouse for the elderly and protected them to a certain extent from working themselves to an early death, whilst taking away the pressure placed on poor families to look after an elderly family member. This would be funded by general taxation and had many critics. Many believed that the elderly had wasted money throughout their youth (National Archives) and now it would be down to the middle to wealthy classes to pay for their old age. To qualify people had to live in Britain for twenty years. Criminals and those felt to be idle did not receive any pension. They would still have to find work or enter the workhouse. This seemed fair as if you contributed to taxes you would be entitled to the pension; if not then you would be looking for the charity of others or the workhouse. Under Lloyd George the National Insurance Act of 1911 (Part 1 Health) would protect the sick if they became ill whilst working and help them and their family avoid ending up in the workhouse or in poverty. The worker would contribute 4d into the scheme while the employer would add another 3d, while Government added another 2d; this would give the worker 9d for only paying 4d. If the worker became ill, he would receive 10 shillings per week for up to 26 weeks and after that if he still was injured, 5 shillings disability pension. This scheme relied on the worker to protect himself from possible sickness / injury and built a structured work ethic for the working classes with a safety net if required; this is what Lloyd George hoped. The National Insurance Act of 1912 then came in to protect those who worked in jobs that lasted for short periods, like ship builders and construction workers. They paid into the scheme and could claim 7 shillings for 15 weeks whilst out of work until they either went back to their previous job or found another job. This was made easier with the set up of the Labour Exchanges in 1909, where employers could advertise positions of work in a designated place to save time for the jobseeker travelling from area to area. By 1910 eighty three exchanges had been set up. This system can still be seen today with the local Job Centres helping skilled and unskilled workers find employment to keep the costs of welfare to a minimum and ensure no-one had the option to be idle. Task 4: Describe and discuss Beveridges 5 giant evils and outline the key points of the Beveridge report and evaluate their significance. (1,274 words not including titles) William Henry Beveridge (1st Baron Beveridge 1879 1963) studied law in Oxford and became interested in the social service state while writing for the Morning Post Newspaper. Under a Liberal Government of 1906 1914 he became a prominent member of Lloyd Georges pensions and National Insurance scheme and was also involved in setting up labour exchanges throughout the country. After his book called Unemployment (1909), he altered expert opinion from one where low wages were seen as the cause of poverty, to one where people only being casually employed and not working all the time, meant they were unable to get themselves out of poverty. At the time of the Second World War, Beveridge was asked by the coalition Government to commission a report of how to rebuild after the war. Beveridge published his findings in 1942, but the words welfare state actually entered print in the early part of the war in 1941. In December 1942, the BBC broadcast to Nazi occupied Europe that Britain is grappling with its social problems through Beveridges proposals, even through war. This could have been seen as propaganda. As part of his report, Beveridge identified 5 giant evils that caused poverty. They were: Want. He identified that people lacked the security of an income, which in turn left them short of funds to live off. These were usually unemployed, sick, old or widowed and possibly unable to work through no fault of their own. To counter this problem, Beveridge created a means tested benefit system that would give the poorest people a safety net in times of crisis. This would be paid for by a compulsory flat rate National Insurance Scheme paid by the employee and employer. It would use the Rowntree calculations of basic needs to tackle poverty (Thane 1982). Beveridge also suggested that social insurance schemes like child benefit became universal and not means tested as this would help with the extra costs of having children preventing them becoming a burden to the family. Disease. Beveridge felt that better provision of non means tested health care by state funding should be comprehensive and available to everyone. This would improve the nations health and make people more able to get back into work and less dependent on the welfare system. Ignorance. This would be dealt with by a universal and compulsory state education system, particularly through provision of state funding with everyone able to have secondary education. This would improve the chances of the country, giving a better future for all. Squalor. Better housing and social environment improvements would provide subsistence and help the country become united for future prosperity, with the development of affordable homes as council houses for rent. This would also make jobs for the nation before and after the war through a building program. Idleness. Beveridge did not want what happened in the 1930s (mass unemployment) to be repeated again. This increased poverty and made some people become idle and brought back the problems of anti-social behaviour. He wanted more involvement from Government to create jobs and building programs to get the country to work, which would be self generating for prosperity. Beveridges report covered these 5 giant evils and aimed to address them. He proposed that the welfare state should focus on key points of; being comprehensive, universal for all, non means tested, compulsory for everyone, and funded through insurance type payments. The key points of his report guided changes in Government legislation in the following years, with huge significance for the country. Under Churchill, the Government moved on the Beveridge report with the undertaking of the Town and Country Planning Act (1943). The country needed to be rebuilt and this would go some way towards removing Squalor, but it wasnt until 1946 until most of Beveridges ideas of tackling this problem were undertaken by a Labour Government under Clement Attlee. Between 1946 and 1949, Housing Acts gave financial support to local authorities for rebuilding after the war. Between 1945 and 1951 1.25 million new council affordable homes were constructed. A Rent Control Act also came in in 1946 which would stop landlords increasing rents or providing shoddy housing; it also gave tenants the right to inform on unscrupulous landlords. Under this Act the councils could build new towns in the country and in 1949 Countryside Act, people had the right to roam, which in turn kept them fit and healthy. At much the same time, the Education Act (1944) was passed. This Act raised the school leaving age to 15 which later increased to 16. This could not be put into place as the Conservative Government had no way of funding it. When Labour came into power in 1947 the Act was passed and paid for by the state. This was a time of change and Labour started a nationalisation program to bring the country more in line with socialist ideas, being able to bring profits by other means than taxing heavily and creating a fairer society. In 1948 they introduced the Employment and Training Act which would tackle two of Beveridges problems, Idleness and Ignorance, making people go into work schemes, creating a skilled workforce for a better future. This was aimed at areas such as South Wales and the North East where there was high unemployment. This would make people feel part of the new ideas and make it hard for them to expect handouts. In 1945 the family allowance came into effect. This meant all those who had children would receive help from the state; this would be a universal benefit which would not be means tested which would make everyone feel it was comprehensive for all. In 1946 the National Insurance Act tackled the problems of the poor and Beveridges evil of Want. If someone became unemployed they would receive benefits to provide a minimum standard of living; this was also available to pregnant women and helped to fund old aged pensions. This also covered the sick and provided a comprehensive policy to solve the social problems from the cradle to the grave. To protect people from injuries at work, another act came into force, the Industrial Injuries Act (1946) which made employers take more care of the workers so they didnt claim compensation. In 1948 the National Assistance Act protected the poorest in society and this was the final nail that abolished the poor law. To fund this, everyone working and employers would pay into the scheme; this was compulsory and universal for all. The jewel in the crown for a more fair society in tackling Disease was the 1946 National Health Service. This provided free comprehensive health care, universal and regardless of means. This was put into place by Aneurin Bevan in 1948 under Labour. By 1949 187 million people had received prescriptions and another 8.5 million had free dental care which was very expensive for the country. By 1951 some services had to be paid for by its users to help fund the NHS but in general it still provided free health care for all while, in most cases, not being means tested. Beveridges ideas had now been introduced into society, with many changes since their introduction, but in general they accomplished their aims. They would provide a comprehensive package to all from cradle to grave. Benefits would be universal, regardless of means. They would be funded by the people for the people by insurance based payments. It would be compulsory for all to pay a flat rate payment and would provide subsistence to those living below the poverty line. Even those who were above this line would receive universal non-means tested benefits. References: Spicker, P (Unknown): UK Social Policy: Available. An Introduction to Social Policy; www.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy ; Last accessed 14/10/2010 Bloy, M (2002): Workhouses and the Poor Law: Available. The Victorian Web; www.victorianweb.org; Last accessed 14/10/2010 Driver, F (1993): Power and Pauperism: Available. Spartacus Schoolnet; www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Lpoor1834.htm ; Accessed 14/10/2010 Sutton Pocket Histories: Class Handout Social Welfare 2010 Ensor, R (1980): England 1870 1914: Book Club Associates London; chapter 14; p 515

Health Care Roles in Communication Essay

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross once said,† â€Å"We have to ask ourselves whether medicine is to remain a humanitarian and respected profession or a new but depersonalized science in the service of prolonging life rather than diminishing human suffering.† In the health care field there are many roles that balance each other. Whether it is the doctor, patient, or medical assistant all play a vital role in the care of others. The purpose of this paper is to compare the differences in communication between the different roles in the hospital. This paper will also be providing an appropriate solution for the scenario provided. The scenario provided is about a young Asian girl named Lena. She was taken to the emergency room by her friend Susie after she fainted in class. Raised in a culture, which has made Lena independent, She verbally attacks her friend yelling about how she is not weak. When she tries to leave, Susie retrieves the medical assistant. The medical assistant restrains Lena and is then sent away by the doctor. The doctor tries to reason with Lena and explain why she is there, but gets no response from her. Finally, the doctor leaves to care for other patients. For this scenario I will be examining the role of the doctor first. From the perspective of the doctor, Lena is very stubborn. This doctor has to see dozens of patients a day and does not have time to argue with one patient who does not want to be there. A doctor’s time is precious, especially in the emergency room. Although the doctor sees many cases which are easy, such as a runny nose or a broken finger, there are many emergencies that require immediate attention. If there was a call for a doctor to assist in a patient from a major auto accident , this doctor may choose to put a fainting girl on the sideline to assist with the trauma. On the other hand, the doctor should still attempt to treat the patient to the best of his or her abilities in the short time allowed. There are other ways to gain  information regarding Lena’s situation, which will be discussed later. The medical assistant was the first medical professional to confront Lena after she woke up. From the tone of voice portrayed in the scenario, the medical assistant wanted to help the patient. The assistant rushed to the patient’s side, knowing she was very sick and needed medical attention. Unfortunately, Lena could not be reasoned with between the time the medical assistant arrived and the time the doctor walked in. The medical assistant was not given enough time to calm the patient or explain the situation. Susie seems concerned for her best friend’s health and safety. Even though Susie knows her friend has an independent attitude, there has to be a reason she brought Lena to the emergency room. Unless Lena had been sick for a while or had fainted before, there would be no cause for Susie to rush her to the hospital. Susie also shows her concern for Lena by rushing to get the attention of the medical assistant when Lena tries to leave. Susie must believe that Lena’s health is important enough to bring her to a place where she can get the medical help she needs to get better. Finally, there is Lena, the patient. Lena was brought up to be independent and strong. Many residents raised in Southeast Asia that find it hard to conform to western medicine. Even though Lena has lived in the United States for 10 years, which means she has spent the majority of life around the medicinal practices of her parents and her culture. As an example, if Lena is from Vietnam her knowledge of medicine would be vastly different (Schultz, 1980). In most areas of Vietnam, residents and medical practitioners steer away from prescription medicine and favor herbs instead. Eastern medicine relies heavily on the spiritual element in the human body as much as western medicine relies on the chemical makeup (Vietnam National Administration Of Tourism, 2010). If Lena was used to Vietnamese eastern medicine her reaction to being in the hospital is not surprising. Her idea of medicine may come in the form of a root instead of a bottle. Within the scenario are many complications with the communication between individuals. First, there is the confrontation between Lena and Susie. Lena  instantly blames Susie for taking her to the hospital. While Susie is her best friend and is the one sitting in the room with her, it may not have been Susie’s choice to send Lena to the emergency room. Because Lena fainted in class, it would be the responsibility of her instructor to make sure she was taken care of. The instructor’s reaction may have been to call the paramedics to make sure the student received proper medical attention. There would have been nothing Susie could have said to prevent the paramedics and medical professionals from making the decision to take Lena to see a doctor. Once at the hospital, Susie could have worked to calm her friend down before rushing to find the medical assistant to restrain her. She could have also provided some insight, to the doctor, regarding Lena’s recent medical problems leading to the fainting. This may have softened the doctor’s approach to Lena’s silence. While the medical professional was doing her job by keeping the patient in the hospital, extra empathy should have been given. The initial approach was rough and direct. Each patient should be given the same consideration regardless of the circumstances. Instead of verbally attacking Lena, the medical assistant should have approached Lena in a different manner. Being too direct will put the patient in a defensive position rather than a position to listen. When the medical assistant states she doesn’t have time to deal with Lena, it lowers the value of the patients worth as someone who needs care. It is like saying the person with a bloody nose should take priority over someone who has fainted and may have a serious underlying condition. Admonishing a patient and telling them they are sick is worthless. Lena knows she is sick. She just wants to prove she can cure herself without the interference of doctors. Had the medical assistant shown more empathy and expressed her understa nding of Lena’s situation it may have diffused the angry encounter. Many communication conflicts with the doctor in regard to everyone else in the room. First is the treatment of the medical assistant by the doctor. From the scenario we can see that the doctor was close behind the assistant as she came through the door. The medical assistant did not have enough time to do her job before the doctor told her to leave the room. Had the doctor  allowed the medical assistant to stay in the room it may have had a positive effect on the patient. If the doctor is a male, Lena may have felt uncomfortable around him and the presence of a female assistant may ease the worry. The doctor could have gained immeasurable information about Lena’s condition from Susie. Had the doctor questioned the best friend it could have revealed how long this had been going on and what other symptoms Lena had been exhibiting. Instead the doctor completely ignores Susie and turns attention to Lena. When the doctor tells Lena what is going on he does not pay attention to how, she is reacting, only that she is not answering the questions. The doctor makes the assumption that Lena is quite on purpose and leaves to go treat other patients. In the scenario are a few key points that the doctor missed and misinterpreted. Just like with the medical assistant, more care should have been given to calming Lena down instead of becoming defensive. By being understanding, the doctor would have caught the signs of something more serious going on with Lena’s health. The blank look on her face may not have given much away, depending on her age. Many people who look blank or vacant when someone is telling him or her about a topic they know little about. However, her eyes may have helped the doctor realize something serious was happening. A blank look may mean nothing, but a glassy eyed stare could mean something. Lena had started to sweat profusely. Most hospitals keep the complex cooler than normal to help stave off nausea and fever in most patients. The sweating, blank stare, and non-responsiveness could have signaled the doctor there was something worse than just fainting in Lena’s condition. With just the few symptoms exhibited in the scenario, Lena could be suffering anything from heat exhaustion to a deadly pulmonary embolism (WebMD, LLC, 2010). Last, there is the patient, Lena. Her lack of communication is born from family traditions that go back hundreds of years. Even so, Lena has lived in the United States for 10 years. It would be impossible for her to live in this country and go to school here without seeing a western medicine doctor. She could be used to smaller clinics; however, her reaction to the emergency room is unwarranted. The scenario made it seem as if Lena did not want to  talk to the doctor because she resented being in the hospital. Her outburst upon waking, and her non-responsiveness to the doctor, may have been a part of her illness. She might not have been aware of where she was by the time the doctor was through explaining her condition. An appropriate solution for the situation should be patience and empathy. The medical assistant and the doctor should have been more understanding toward the patient. There should have been compassion toward a young girl who was upset and confused. More attention to detail was needed by the doctor. Susie should have spoken up when Lena could not. Her information could help her friend from getting worse. Lena, having lived in the United States for 10 years, should have been willing to hear what the doctor had found before making the decision to leave. I have been in the customer service field for 13 years. From Banking, to telecommunication, to healthcare, the only factor that changes is the service provided. There will always be someone else who needs the attention of the representative. The key to communicating to a customer is empathy. Allowing a person to realize you understand their situation and showing a willingness to help, makes the difference. When you have a patient who is screaming and upset, you cannot take it personally. They are hurt, confused, and afraid. A caregiver cannot treat patients the same if they take everything personally. Lena was not yelling because she hated the assistant or the doctor. She was yelling because she did not think she was as sick as the doctor did. Both the doctor and the assistant treated Lena as if she were wasting their time, instead of looking at the situation rationally. In conclusion, communication all comes down to how a person handles customer service. Each role in this scenario is a tough one to have. First, the patient, who is full of fear and has been raised to think differently. Next, the best friend, who is afraid of losing her friend to illness but is too scared to speak up. Third, the assistant, who has many other patients to see. Last, the doctor, who is skilled in what he does, but fails to see the obvious signs of something worse. All of these roles are true, from day to day. They are in every hospital, clinic, and emergency room. There should be  more classes within medical schooling that teach caregivers how to show empathy and understanding to their patients. There should also be continuing education for all caregivers to refresh what they have been taught. References WebMD, LLC. (2010). WebMD Symptom Checker. Retrieved from http://symptoms.webmd.com/symptomchecker Vietnam National Administration Of Tourism. (2010). Vietnam Traditional Medicine. Retrieved from http://www.vietvisiontravel.com/vietnam/travel-guide/Traditional_medicine/ Schultz, S. L. (1980, August). Southeast Asian Health Beliefs and Practices. Education Resources Information Center

Essay about The Crusades - 2031 Words

After the death of Charlemagne in 814 and the eventual collapse of his empire, Europe was under attack and on the defensive. Nomadic people from Asia pillaged eastern and central Europe until the 10th century. Beginning about 800, several centuries of Viking raids disrupted life in northern Europe and even threatened Mediterranean cities. But the greatest threat came from the forces of Islam. Eventually these threats became real. Battles broke out and these battles turned to wars spanning from 1095 to 1229; all this over one city, Jerusalem, on country, Israel, one land, the Holy Land. Islamic forces had already conquered North Africa, the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, and most of Spain by the 8th century. They also established†¦show more content†¦The First Crusade attracted no European kings. They came primarily from the lands of French culture and language. These Crusaders faced many obstacles. They had no obvious or widely accepted leader, no relations with the churchmen who went with them, no definition of the popes role, and no agreement with the Byzantine emperor on whether they were his allies, servants, rivals, or perhaps enemies. These uncertainties divided the Crusaders into factions that did not always get along well with one another. Some leaders who did show up were Robert of Flanders and Bohemond of Taranto of one group of Crusaders, while the other major groups were those of Godfrey of Bouillon and Raymond of Toulouse. As the Crusaders marched east, they were joined by thousands of men and even women, ranging from petty knights and t heir families, to peasants seeking freedom from their ties to the manor. Many people with all sorts of motives and contributions joined the march. They followed local lords or well-known nobles or drifted eastward on their own, walking to a port town and then sailing to Constantinople. Few people knew what to expect but they all had one goal, retake the Holy Land. They knew little about the Byzantine Empire or its religion, Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Few Crusaders even understood or had much sympathy for the Eastern Orthodox religion, which did not recognize the pope, usedShow MoreRelatedThe First Crusade And The Crusade1192 Words   |  5 PagesThe first crusade started in autumn of 1095. Pope Urban II initiated the first crusade by calling upon his Christians to reclaim the city of Jerusalem. The Crusade was also meant to seek revenge on the followers of Islam. The followers were accused of committing crimes against â€Å"Christendom†. Pope Urbans crusade was made pos sible by the work of St. Augustine on Christian Violence in the past. Many Christians joined the crusade because the Pope promised rewards for the afterlife. After the fourthRead MoreThe Second Crusade And The Third Crusade1896 Words   |  8 Pagesthe facts for what they are. After much discussion and exploration, we figure that the third crusade actually did follow the principles of Christianity to some extent. Portions of the third crusade were definitely morally wrong and conflicted against the teachings of Christianity, but not all of it fell out of order in which the foundation upon which Christianity was built. At the beginning, the Third Crusade was called under the belief that by reclaiming the Holy Land of Jerusalem, the ChristiansRead MoreThe Children s Crusade : A Crusade Of The Holy Land859 Words   |  4 PagesThe brief campaign of the thirteen-century Children’s crusade was not technically a crusade in the sense that medieval Europeans understood the term and lasted only a few months during the year 1212. It lacked Papal sanction and its participants marched without the customary indulgences granted to those engaged in warfare to defend the Faith. Uncharacteristic as it was, the Children’s Crusade was a revealing chapter in medieval history, as it exemplified the depths of crusading zeal along with theRead MoreThe First Crusade And The Crusades1974 Words   |  8 PagesAs the historian John Riley Smith points out â€Å"The First Crusade was a violent and brutal episode during which the crusaders cut out a swathe of suffering through Europe and Western Asia.† In this description of the First Crusade (1095/6- 1099) Smith makes it difficult for us to see and, or uncover any elements of pilgrimage in the crusaders actions. However, there are many different ways in which the crusades have been described, the historian Christopher Tyerman on the other hand, steers towardsRead MoreThe Crusade Of The Children s Crusade861 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the early 13th century, while the wars against he Albigensians were occurring, crusade preaching became integral aspect of life in parts of Germany and northern France. On top of the already present religious fervor the most of Europe had, these preachings drove people to act on their devoutness to God. The Children’s Crusade, which was a popular religious movement in Europe during 1212, was a movement in which thousands of youth assembled and took crusading vows, their objective was to recoverRead MoreThe Crusades : The First Crusade Essay1995 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Crusades, I only com e out of them with a vague understanding of the situation. So, I sought out to gain a greater understanding through the vision of the question, Was the first crusade a success, and if so, what made it a success? Using The Crusades: A Reader, specifically the writings and documents from pages 33-79, I will make a decision based on specific occurrences and their ultimate goal (CITE SOURCE WITH FULL CITATION).I plan on picking out important aspects of the first crusade andRead MoreThe World Of The Crusades1518 Words   |  7 Pageslearning about the crusades. The people, weapons, food, diseases, and technological advances (or disadvantages since it was the Dark Age) were all taught to us and now it is time to put it to the test. We learned that the crusades affected all three religions that have ties to Jerusalem, Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. We watched Kingdom of Heaven, a historical fiction movie based on the crusades. The time of the story that we see is based between the seco nd and third crusade. Although the movieRead MoreImpact of the Crusades642 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Crusades The Crusades were a very important part of history. It has been said that The Crusades are what started the beginning of modernization. Not only were they what started the beginning of modernization, they also had many impacts on Europe. The four major areas of impact on Europe were in the Economic, Political, Social, and Religious parts. Though all the areas were impacted, not all were good impacts. One of the areas that will be focused on is the Economic area. The Crusades wereRead MoreThe First Crusade During The Crusades1721 Words   |  7 Pageshe subject of the crusades is still a very controversial topic that spans across various time periods and has religious, social, and political implications. The first crusade started off as a widespread pilgrimage that ended as a military expedition resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem in 1099. The crusades initiated from a call from help from Alexius for the protection of Constantinople and the recovery of Anatolia. For centuries textbooks have repeated with routine regularity, that the immediateRead MoreCrusades and the Church Essay549 Words   |  3 PagesCrusades and the Church At the time of the Crusades, the official church had become corrupt and politically motivated. It should be noted, too, that crusaders did not take vows to go on crusade. The very term crusade, in English or in any other language, is a much later invention. What we call crusades, contemporaries knew as pilgrimages or even simply journeys. Aside from a tiny elite, people were illiterate and even if they could read, there was no access to a Bible or any scriptural

The Ethics Of The Counseling Profession - 1371 Words

The counseling profession can be an excellent, rewarding, and challenging field. The purpose of counseling is to help individuals understand and clarify their own values and beliefs across a lifespan. Counseling also help individuals to become self-sufficient by implementing interventions and strategies that involves goal-setting skills that is meaningful to an individual. Individuals who may seek counseling are individuals who encountered marriage and family issues, stressful or traumatic events and drug and substance abuse. In this research assignment, I will discuss events the effects of traumatic events, addictions, family therapy theories, and optimal health and wellness. Crisis and Traumatic Events in life At some point, everyone had encountered a crisis or traumatic event in their lives, whether it was due to the death of a love one or becoming terminally ill. Some individuals may need help in coping with a crisis or a traumatic event. Hirini, Flett, Long, and Millar (2005) stated that traumatic stressors result in direct personal experience of an even that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury or witnessing of an actual or threatened death or serious injury. Traumatic experiences are typical examples of natural disasters, sexual abuse, physical assault, and car accidents, which are linked to post traumatic stress disorder. Shafran, Shafur, Berant, and Gilboa-Schechtman (2016) defined PTSD as a persistent re-experiencing of the traumatic event,Show MoreRelatedEthics And Code Of Ethics1359 Words   |  6 Pagesopinions however, a code of ethics will individualize these professionals and set standards. By making yourself aware of t he differences, communication can become easier between employees of various backgrounds. Two particular organizations to compare may include the American Counseling Association Code of Ethics and National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics. To address the similarities and differences of the two organizations, it’s important to know what a code of ethics represents. An overallRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics And Ethics975 Words   |  4 PagesPeople of different professions consult with their respective code of ethics when they feel guidance is necessary. As a counselor, regardless of our specific track, we may find ourselves referring to the American Counseling Association’s (ACA) Code of Ethics (2014). I feel the existence of a code of ethics provides the necessary guidelines and justification when things are ambiguous. It serves the purpose of keeping things under control and within limits by minimizing the amount of harm receivedRead MoreEthical Codes And Gui delines Are Not Like Basic Recipes1468 Words   |  6 PagesEthics is an ongoing process in counseling in which every counselor should have some sort of knowledge about. Standard ethical codes and guidelines are not like basic recipes. They are very broad and vague. Ethical codes are often use for what you need to do, but not always how you should do it. Ethics is a word that’s widely used and an integral piece to the helping profession. Ethics is important for all individuals who are working in the helping profession, including mental health, rehabilitationRead MoreThe Codes Of Ethics Of The American Counseling Association1667 Words   |  7 PagesComparison Professional associations establish codes of ethics to ensure that clinicians uphold the standards of their association in order to protect the clients they serve and the profession they are affiliated with. This paper will compare the codes of ethics of the American Counseling Association (ACA), American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT), and National Association of Social Workers (NASW). ACA Code of Ethics The ACA is an educational, scientific, and professionalRead MoreHow The Counseling Field Is Tremendously Diverse And It Is Critical For Counselors977 Words   |  4 Pagesattitudes in our workplace. When we enter the job field, we begin to develop attitudes of our work ethic and how we believe others should work. We can find these philosophies anywhere in the job market. In the counseling profession specifically, the counselor develops different philosophies of we treat patients and different ethical standards. In the article that I chose, it discusses how the counseling field is tremendously diverse and it is critical for counselors to be open minded to the idea. WhenRead MoreEthical Issues Associated Within The Clinical Counseling Profession Essay1580 Words   |  7 Pages6 This paper will discuss a fictitious case vignette that encompasses ethical issues associated within the Clinical counseling profession. There will be at least four of the nine sections of the ACA Code of Ethics that will be covered within the context of this case. In consideration of each of these ethical breaches there will be dialog on the nature of the ethical issue or violation, where the ACA ethical code applies, ramifications of the ethical issue or violation of both parties, and withRead MoreCode of Ethics1571 Words   |  7 PagesCode of Ethics Comparison Belinda D. Hicks Liberty University Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss and call the attention to the fact that there are genera differences and similarities in the Code of Ethics of the American Counseling Association (ACA) and the Code of Ethics of the American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC). In addition, discuss due diligence the counselor has to the client, the focus will be on sexual intimacy, fees and records. There will also beRead More Ethics and Law in the Field of Counseling Essay1395 Words   |  6 Pages Ethics is the judgement and the moral actions used in interactions with cultures and society and its focus is on the client well-being. Ethics is defined by Remley and Herlihy (2010) in the counseling field as â€Å"professional behavioral and interactions† (p.4). Counselors do rely and are guide by Codes of Ethics. The role and relevance of the ethical principals, the ACA and AMHCA Code of Ethics are the base of the counseling profession. Without them this career would not have a guide on how theRead MoreEthical Ethics And Ethical Issues1311 Words   |  6 Pagesethical issues and codes; theoretical orientations to ethics and; legal and ethical issues. Each chapter is supplemented with a summary and questions for additional reflection and thought and using theory for concrete ethical judgments sections. The book concludes with an epilogue, references and appendixes section which outlines the differing existing codes of ethics. Author’s Background and Credentials: Stephen J. Freeman is a professor of Counseling and Chair of the Department of Counselor EducationRead MoreMorals, Values, And Ethics1092 Words   |  5 PagesMorals, values, and ethics are conditions which represent a person character, view of their society, and culture. Morals and ethics are two principles that are similar in that it includes how decision are made either good or bad (Remley Herlihy, 2016). As a future, mental health professional, it is essential to have sound judgement when making decisions that will ultimately impact clients. We will review morals, ethics from my perspective. Influence Being raised to have strong faith, courage,

Second Great Awakening - 954 Words

â€Å"IN WHAT WAYS DID THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING INFLUENCE AMERICAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE?† In the thirty year span between 1830 and 1860, the Second Great Awakening did much to change the modern American mind by sparking the abolitionist movement, empowering women (in their domestic sphere) and forming the cult of domesticity, partially fixing the corrupt government through the temperance movement, and in the creation of many utopian societies by radical religious populations. Puritanism was kicked to the side when Evangelicalism took root. This religious renaissance was absolutely more optimistic than worship from the past; sin was no longer an inevitable part of your being. Rather, you could find salvation through yourself, so long as†¦show more content†¦Obviously this affected politics, with no more persuasion by alcohol. Just as groups had formed against the consumption of alcohol, isolated religious groups began to form against everyone but themselves. Called â€Å"Utopian Communities†, religious groups were created that challenged society and itâ⠂¬â„¢s religions, which is very similar to the Evangelical movement. There were hundreds of these communities, with one of the most popular being the â€Å"Shakers†.9 The Shakers believed in the complete equality of male and females, but at the price of being completely celibate. The only way there could be new members was if there were converts or children who would come into a Shaker village. Most of these utopian communities shared an idea of millennialism, which talks about Jesus returning and a new era of the world beginning. The social impact of this is blatantly clear; many more religious groups were being created, rather than a few sects of religion. The Second Great Awakening contained many social and political changes. People began to improve themselves and the Northern part of the country began to come together, like they were being glued. Equality seemed to be a recurring idea with the abolitionist movement, women wanting to be able to vote, and even the equality of opposite genders in the Shaker community. This religious celebration brought forth a new attitude inShow MoreRelatedThe Second Great Awakening Essay531 Words   |  3 Pages In the 1830s, 1840s, and beyond, There is a Second Great Awakening. The Second Great Awakening had a decided impact on American society. In the following I will describe what the Great Awakening was and how it changed life in America. In essence, the Great Awakening was a religious awakening. It started in the South. Tent camps were set up that revolve around high spirited meetings that would last for days. These camp meetings were highly emotional and multitudes of people were filledRead MoreImpact of Second Great Awakening on Modern Society1415 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of the Second Great Awakening in Modern-Day Society The Second Great Awakening laid the foundations of the development of present-day religious beliefs and establishments, moral views, and democratic ideals in the United States. Beginning back in late eighteenth century and lasting until the middle of the nineteenth century,1 this Protestant awakening sought to reach out the un-churched and bring people to a much more personal and vivid experience of Christianity. Starting on the SouthernRead MoreThe Second Great Awakening1147 Words   |  5 PagesPuritanism or Separatism, and would not allow any heretical or contrary behaviors to be pursued. The people who had resented religious oppression would not allow other people in minority to practice what they felt was true. On the other hand, the Second Great Awakening, which materialized during the late 1700s and early 1800s, was a stark contrast to the stringent values the Massachusetts colonies had nurtured. Free thinking and new ideologies arose and abounded in the early 19th century. T hese two religiousRead MoreThe Second Great Awakening1977 Words   |  8 PagesDuring the Second Great Awakening many Americans were stirred by passionate religious movements and Mormonism was one of them. Although it initially began as a revelation given to Joseph Smith, his strong beliefs led to powerful revivals in the New York area that drew people from across the northeast. Despite strong interest and numerous converters to the faith, the Mormon community would not remain in the New York area for long. Though they had an objective of spreading Mormonism throughout AmericaRead MoreThe Religious Impact Of The Second Great Awakening1403 Words   |  6 PagesThe Second Great Awakening was a religious movement that took place in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Around the same time, the concepts of Jacksonian democracy was becoming increasingly more well known. This idea stressed the importance of the common individual. It focused on the ordinary people and what t hey thought about government. Jacksonian democracy also clarified that slavery is an issue. Religiously, The Second Great Awakening strongly The religious concept of earningRead MoreMarket Revolution and Second Great Awakening861 Words   |  4 PagesThe economic â€Å"market revolution† and the religious â€Å"Second Great Awakening† shaped American society after 1815. Both of these developments affected women significantly, and contributed to their changing status both inside and outside the home. Throughout time, women’s roles and opportunities in the family, workplace, and society have greatly evolved. Women’s role in the family before 1815 was based around the idea of Republican Motherhood. Republican Motherhood is the idea that children should beRead MoreNotes On : Reviving Religion976 Words   |  4 Pagesperson God existed there c) The Second Great Awakening started in the 1800s. This caused lots of changes such as moving towards abolishing as well as moving towards women rights i) Baptists and Methodist stressed a lot about emotionalism ii) Peter Cartwright was known as the traveling preachers iii) Charles Grandison Finney was one of the greatest preachers during the 2nd awakening 2) Denominational Diversity a) SinceRead MoreU.S. Economy in 1800s1528 Words   |  7 PagesCleveland and to the emerging iron and steel center at Pittsburgh. Agriculture in the Midwest was a large-scale commercial activity raising crops and livestock for sale to the east. The transportation system involving railroads, canals, and the Great Lakes linked the east and the Midwest, binding them together into a single economic unit. As commercial agriculture expanded in the Midwest farming declined in the northeast and the scale of farms increased. While 70 percent of the Norths populationRead MoreReform Movements in Second Great Awakening Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pagesideals. Assess the validity of this statement with specific reference to the years 1825-1850.’ Reform movements in the United States sought to expand democratic ideals from the quarter century time period of 1825-1850 also known as the Second Great Awakening. These democratic ideals included voting for everyone eighteen and older (with the exception of minors, women, insane, and criminals), freedom of expression, press, speech and religion, election of officials, property rights, free and publicRead MoreThe Development Of Abolitionism And Anti Slavery937 Words   |  4 Pagesanti-slavery in Allegany County was tied to the forces influencing the rise of abolitionism in the Western New York area. In the early 19th century, the Second Great Awakening occurred. The religious activity in Western New York gained it the label of the Burned Over District, from the prominent preacher Charles Grandison Finney. The Second Great Awakening in the Burned Over District helped lead the establishment of a number of anti-slavery denominations and subgroups in the region, and helped to produce

Sustainability and Waste Management Free Essays

Waste Management Sustainability is very important when it comes to our environment and the removal of our waste. Why should we remove our waste properly and what are the benefits of removing of it properly? For starters leaving waste in the environment can seriously damage wildlife kill major ecosystems and so on, not to mention the unsightliness of it and smell in our homes and neighborhoods. There are also great benefits to removing waste properly like cost to an individual it can help you save a lot of money. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainability and Waste Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now It will keep are environment clean and full of life and leave the earth better for future generation. There are three simple ways that most companies use to help decrease the amount of waste we put out in the world and they are reducing, reuse, and recycle. These are three simple ways to better help our environment. Reducing is very simple if we reduce the amount of trash we use there will be less to throw away like using reseal able bags and containers that can be used again or finding ways to not use waste in the first place. Reusing is also simple like I stated above using thing over and over again will cut down on the waste we put out. Recycling is something that may be more difficult for most people to do but can help tons in waste management recycling is the simple act of taking something that was used and making it into another product that is usable for someone else. When it comes to not disposing of our waste properly and hurting wildlife most people underestimate how much throwing a piece of trash on the ground is really hurting our environment. Most people believe that if I throw this on the ground it should dissolve in a few days but that is not the case it takes up to thirty years for a piece of plastic to dissolve in the ground and over fifty years for a simple six pack holder. Disposing of waste on the ground also brings around critters that are not wanted in our environment like rats and raccoons. So just think about that for a second if there was no such thing as waste management and people simple just discarded of trash in their yards it would take many years for any of that to go away and would probably kill most of what it sits on and be harmful to any animals that come across this stuff not to mention the damage it does to trees and other plants. Leaving trash around also spreads unwanted disuses and can cause personal injury to anyone that comes into contact with it. There are also some major benefits to discarding of waste properly. The more people that recycle the cheaper it gets, also it is much cheaper to recycle than it is to remove waste and start more landfills and add to the ones we already have. When it comes to saving you some money or leaving the earth better than it was when we got here. Recycling also creates 1. 1 million jobs and grossed 236 billion dollars annually. Every time you recycle you are creating four jobs so the more people who do it create more jobs and pump more money into our economy. When we use recycled paper we saving money by buying cheaper paper and not having to cut down more trees, which everyone knows, are very important for the survival of any life. Also recycling steel can provide energy for millions of households around the globe. But also this creates jobs and improves living conditions for everyone. There really are not too many skeptics when it comes to not removing of waste properly but those we don’t really know the effects of adding improper waste to our environment. But with a little education on the issue almost everyone would be pro choice on recycling. This issue is a great one because we are talking about our future and need to keep our earth in shape for our future residents and through the act of removing waste properly we can see to it that this happens. There are many ways we can educate the youth and our population on why we should continue to use waste management Work Cited page National Recycling Coalition. Waste Management. † Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 10 Aug. 2011. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Waste_management. Work Cited page Citation added: â€Å"Waste Management. † Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 22 Jan. 2008. Web. 10 Aug. 2011. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Waste_management. Braungart, Michael. â€Å"Waste Management. † Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 10 Aug. 2011. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Waste_management. How to cite Sustainability and Waste Management, Essay examples

Integrated Management Project

Question : How does your problem/solution impact on the marketing dimension? Answer : Introduction: The information system in the healthcare is one of the basic requirements of the healthcare organization. In this report the issues faced by the Al-Shifa for implementing the healthcare information system is being described in details. The healthcare information system is used to store data regarding the administrative and management service of the organization. The information regarding the operation, financial and legal issues are also included within the healthcare information system. The main objective of the healthcare information system is to improve the accessibility of relevant data that will help to improve the quality of health service. Without the proper information related to the healthcare system it is not possible for the healthcare workers to provide accurate and correct treatment. The main challenge that is faced by the healthcare organization of Oman is due to the high cost that is needed for implementing the sophisticated equipment of the healthcare information system. The issue have arisen due to shortage of skilled health workers, which has the ability to handle the complex equipment. The lack of professional training is one of the key issues that has caused in poor implementation of the healthcare information system. This report focuses on the relevant theories related to the healthcare information system. The hospital has faced several issues like inaccurate and poor patient treatment due to lack of proper clinical information (Al-Gharbi 2014). Theory related to information in healthcare system (HIS) The healthcare information system can be divided into two major parts that includes the clinical and the administrative part. The main difference between these two components is the type of data that is being used. The clinical form the data that is used is directly related to the information of the patient care. All the major decisions related to the patient care are made using the clinical data. It is important to have correct and accurate information that will help in the matter of providing accurate treatment to the patients. On the other hand, the data which are needed for the management of a healthcare organization are kept under the administrative data. The data related to individual patient care are also done using the administrative data. The clinical information related to the healthcare is obtained using the clinical database and also the evidence based decision making system. The administrative part of the data is used for making business report, which will help to set th e benchmark for the activities with the healthcare organization. The epidemiological information system is another essential element of the administrative information system. Detail information regarding various diseases and health condition of the population is used under this system of information. There is also the component of quality system that helps in the matter of providing high quality healthcare service. The elements of the clinical and administrative parts together form the complex theoretical model of the healthcare information system. The information that is used in these elements forms the basis of the healthcare information system and thereby assists in the process of building clinical database. The theories of Trait can be used to build the basis of building the elements related to the healthcare information system. The leadership and the action behaviour is also is determined using the components of the Trait theory. People involved in healthcare information system The use of the healthcare information system is one of the effective techniques that are used by all the major healthcare organization to improve the efficiency of the healthcare service. All the healthcare workers, nurses and medical practioaiires use the healthcare information system to provide accurate and high quality treatment to the patients. Due to lack of proper infrastructure within the Al-Shifa hospital of Oman, all the health workers had to face difficulty in using proper information related to the individual patient care. The nurses of the organizations are also not able to display proper leadership attributes without the help of proper information system. In order to have efficient leadership skills in nursing, it is necessary to have sufficient information related to the self-awareness. The organized information will also help the nurse to provide proper guidance to all the other workers of the organization (Ball, Weaver and Kiel 2013). The healthcare information will also help in the workers to develop solutions to deal with the issues that are faced by the patients while seeking treatment. Moreover, using the information of the past records it is also possible for the healthcare workers to deal with similar situation of the future. The government officials of the healthcare department will use the information of medical care to prepare policies of health department. Hence, without the implementation of the healthcare information system it is not possible for Al-Shifa hospital to provide effective quality of health service to the society. The reputation of the healthcare organization can also be compromised as they will fail to provide accurate and correct treatment to the society. Financial Aspects According to Bowling (2014), one of the effective ways to deal with the help of the effective health care information system, it is possible to deal with the financial elements of healthcare costs. The proper utilization of the available resource can help to provide cost-effective treatments. With the help of proper access of the healthcare information system it is possible for Al-Shifa to deal with the increased cost of healthcare service. The healthcare service is one of the primary essential services that are needed for the society. In a nation like Oman, everyday thousands of individuals seek medical treatment from the healthcare organization. It is not possible for the health workers to keep the records of every patient. It is important to have proper operation management techniques, which will help to deal with the information that is related to the patient care. The hospitals need to have sufficient budget that will help to deal with the operation management system. During the modern days the hospital information system requires the application of the latest technology and therefore helps to deal with individual patient care. The application of the latest technology includes installation hardware and the software platforms. This will help to deal with the administrative and management related tasks of the hospital, which includes billing information and clinical data related to the history of individual patients. By the year of 1999, 30% of the hospitals of Oman have introduced the policy of advanced hospital information system. Moreover, by the end of 2010s, almost all the hospitals of Oman have introduced the policy of healthcare information system (Jahan et al. 2015). The cost of the health service has increased significantly after the implication of the healthcare service. In spite of the fact that only 2% of the total hospital expense spent on the information system, after its implication, the cost of affording medical cost have increased s ignificantly. It is important for the healthcare organizations like Al-Shifa hospital to deal with the extra amount that is spent on the implementation of the information system. Chiao, Knzle and Reichert (2012), have stated that the application of the healthcare information system, a healthcare organization can minimize the cost that is spent on the total healthcare service. The use of the healthcare system can help also help to provide cost-effective health service. The early financing that is spend on the healthcare information system will help to build strong and healthy infrastructure for the providing error free medical treatments to patients. One of the primary challenges for Al-Shifa hospital is to provide cost-effective healthcare, which will help the people of Oman to seek accurate form of treatments. With time as the healthcare information system will improve, it is possible for the Al-Shifa hospital to provide lower cost health service. The overall expenditure of the health cost can also be reduced significantly. However, the Al-Shifa hospital needs to employ skilful IT engineers so that it is possible to make the best use of the information syste m to reduce the cost of the overall healthcare infrastructure. Marketing of HIS The healthcare information system is one of the effective ways that can be help in the marketing of the healthcare organization. In the modern days the healthcare information system is used as an effective tool for marketing. The use of the latest technology is considered to be one of the effective and reliable sources to provide information about critical healthcare planning. The healthcare market of Oman has faced significant obstacles for the implication process of the healthcare information system. The lack of awareness among the people of Oman is the main resistance faced by Al-Shifa hospital to implement the strategy of information system. The marketing of the hospital care will help to promote the ideas of health policies. The hospital can use the techniques of digital marketing that will help in the matter of increasing the popularity of the organization. With the total number of internet users increasing in Oman it is easily possible for Al-Shifa hospital to gain popularity with the healthcare market. Moreover, with the help of hospital information system it is possible for Al-Shifa to provide details data about the clinical care that is provided to the public. The digital form of marketing will also help to reduce the cost of healthcare marketing and it is also possible to reach a wide range of people. The use of social media marketing is one of the effective ways to choose increase the popularity of the hospital (Mackey and Liang 2013). As there are a growing numbers of healthcare organizations in Oman, Al-Shifa hospital has to face tough competition. The strategy of the marketing activities helps to reduce the cost of the implementing health care information system. The marketing activities help to encourage the patients to make best use of the healthcare information service. The marketing campaign will also help to promote the ethical values of the hospital and also ensure that the personal information about patient care is kept classified. Steinberg and Sackmary (2015), have mentioned that unlike investment in the marketing actives of other forms of industries, investment in the healthcare industry is significantly low. However, with the proper application of the healthcare information system, it is possible to encourage more investment in the health sector. According to Sun et al. (2013), it is crucial for the health care organization to follow the code of ethical conduct while displaying advertisements. With the help of the healthcare information system it is possible to prevent unethical practice during the marketing activities. This will help to ensure that the patients do not get any false and wrong information. The marketing of the healthcare service is one of the essential requirements in the society of Oman. It is the duty of Al-Shifa hospital to provide correct form of information and increase the level of patient awareness about the patient care. The marketing activities will help to also help the healthcare organization to attract other healthcare workers, nurse and other medical practionaires. Strategy for HIS Without the help of the proper strategy, it is not possible to implement the use of healthcare care information system. One of the main effective features of the healthcare information system is to use effective and accurate information. The economy of Oman is dominated by the industrial sector, which forms 55% of GDP of the nation (Zahlan 2016). The political environment of the country has wide range of industrial sectors as the government of Oman encourages wide range of economy. Being one of the most liberal and democratic countries of the world, it is possible for the Al-Shifa hospital to easily implement the strategy of information system in healthcare. Being one of the largest crude oil producers of the world, economy of the nation is hugely dependent on the export of petroleum products. The economic stability of the nation will encourage the firms like Al-Shifa hospital to invest more in the latest technological development of the healthcare service. Moreover, the improved and advanced healthcare facilities of the nation will also encourage the Al-Shifa hospital to take aggressive measure to improve the infrastructure of healthcare informatics. The advanced technological infrastructure of Oman will also help the Al-Shifa hospital to easily incorporate effective strategy (Landen 2015). Al-Shifa hospital has to consider the legal policies of the nation so that it is possible to ensure there is no unethical practice that is being incorporated in the business strategy of the nation. The main problem that is associated with the implementation of the healthcare information system is the lack of awareness among the people and also proper utilization of the available resources. Operations management of HIS The improved healthcare information system is one of the significant parts of the operation management that help to improve the supply chain in the healthcare department. The supply chain of the Al-Shifa hospital can be improved with increased level of information that will help to deal with the consequence of gathering resources. The dynamic flow of information is important to improve the flow of supply distribution (Koh et al. 2013). The healthcare firm need to have effective supply chain that will help to decode the information that is needed in the effective use of the health resources. It is a challenge for the Al-Shifa hospital to meet the high demand of resources that is needed in the health service. With the help of advanced information the management of the hospital can establish partnership with the health resource suppliers that will help to meet the demand. The improved flow of information can help the operations of the supply chain by reducing the total time by incorpora ting the technique of arms-length supply chain. The cost of the supply chain is generally expensive in the health department of Oman. However, with the help of the advanced information system the cost of the supply of health service can be reduced significantly (Abdelhak, Grostick and Hanken 2014). Project Management of HIS The project management helps to deal with the future planning of the healthcare system of Al-Shifa hospital. The healthcare information system can be improved by effective project planning that is aimed to improve the service quality of the organization. The sociotechnical approach is one of the effective techniques that can be incorporated as the project model for better patient care information system. With the help of the sociotechnical approach, it is possible to incorporate the IT infrastructure for improved quality of healthcare information system. The standard formula for this model of project will help to deal in organization of the healthcare information that is needed for the patient care of the society of Oman. The hospital also needs to employ skilled IT professionals, as the project development manager, who will help in building a strong foundation for the future of the patient care information system (Bryde, Broquetas and Volm 2013). The team that are involved in the implementation process of the healthcare information system of Al-Shifa hospital need to act efficiently, which will help in proper utilization of the clinical data that is obtained. They only have to depend on the information provided by the patients for recommending treatment to the patients. They also have to face the risks of medical errors that can arise due to lack of proper and accurate information about the individual patient care. It is also not possible for the organizations to implement innovative ideas of business. It is the duty of the hospital management to employ the workers, who will have the skills to make use of the health care informatics. In order to improve the infrastructure of the HIS, it is important for the hospital to gather sufficient funds from government and private organization. It is important for Al-Shifa hospital to use the PESTEL analysis to prepare effective strategies for the healthcare information system. With the rise of the digital age, the people of Oman society are highly dependent on the use of the latest form of technology to seek the health care service. This opportunity of the society can be used by the Al-Shifa hospital to implement strategy for development of the health information system. The Al-Shifa had to spend in the advertising and marketing campaign to educate the patients about the importance of the healthcare information system. The hospital also needs to implement the strategy for improvement of communication and spread awareness among the people. The clinical and administrative models of information is one of the best effective techniques that can be applied for providing better quality health service and also reduce the total number of medical errors. Conclusion Due to the lack of proper information the Al-Shifa hospital of Oman has to face several issues as they failed to provide quality health service. With the help of effective healthcare information it is possible to reduce the cost of health service and thereby improve the business performance of the organization. The supply chain management of the healthcare service can also be improved with the help of effective information system. It is the duty of the hospital management to have effective project management plans that will help to improve the infrastructure of the patient care information system. Reference Abdelhak, M., Grostick, S. and Hanken, M.A., 2014.Health information: management of a strategic resource. Elsevier Health Sciences. Al-Gharbi, K., Gattoufi, S.M., Al-Badi, A.H. and Al-Hashmi, A., 2014. Al-Shifa Healthcare Information System in Oman: A Debatable Implementation Success.The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries,66. Ball, M., Weaver, C. and Kiel, J. eds., 2013.Healthcare information management systems: Cases, strategies, and solutions. Springer Science Business Media. Bowling, A., 2014.Research methods in health: investigating health and health services. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Bryde, D., Broquetas, M. and Volm, J.M., 2013. The project benefits of building information modelling (BIM).International Journal of Project Management,31(7), pp.971-980. Chiao, C.M., Knzle, V. and Reichert, M., 2012. Towards object-aware process support in healthcare information systems. Jahan, F., Al Maqbali, A., Siddiqui, M.A. and Al Zadjali, N.M., 2015. Attitude and Barrier towards Research amongst Health Care Professionals Working in Primary Care Service of Oman.Journal of Health Education Research Development,2015. Koh, H.K., Brach, C., Harris, L.M. and Parchman, M.L., 2013. A proposed health literate care modelwould constitute a systems approach to improving patients engagement in care.Health Affairs,32(2), pp.357-367. Landen, R.G., 2015.Oman since 1856. Princeton University Press. Mackey, T.K. and Liang, B.A., 2013. Pharmaceutical digital marketing and governance: illicit actors and challenges to global patient safety and public health.Globalization and health,9(1), p.1. Steinberg, M. and Sackmary, B., 2015. Marketing in Health Services: A Review of Recent Trends in Obstetrics. InProceedings of the 1988 International Conference of Services Marketing(pp. 306-316). Springer International Publishing. Sun, Y., Wang, N., Guo, X. and Peng, Z., 2013. Understanding the acceptance of mobile health services: a comparison and integration of alternative models.Journal of Electronic Commerce Research,14(2), p.183. Zahlan, R.S., 2016.The Making of the Modern Gulf States: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Oman(Vol. 10). Routledge.